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Algebra / LESSON 06

Functions and quadratic structure · GRE Quant

10 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

Functions attach an output to each permitted input. Algebraic form determines what is easy to read: a factored quadratic reveals zeros and a shifted-square form reveals its vertex: a minimum for a positive leading coefficient and a maximum for a negative one.

A reliable method

Write the input substitution with parentheses. For line intersections equate the outputs. For quadratics, state whether the question asks for a root, a coefficient, or a function value.

The common trap

The minimum function value is not the x-coordinate of the vertex. A denominator of zero is excluded even if a later simplification appears to cancel the factor.

Make the connection

Use more than one representation to verify: substitute a root, evaluate both lines at their intersection, or expand a proposed factorization.

Contrast the cases

For f(x)=(x−3)²+2, the vertex input is 3 and minimum output is 2. For g(x)=−(x−3)²+2, the same vertex is a maximum. The coefficient of the square decides the direction. A root answers f(x)=0, not “where is the vertex?” For 1/[(x−2)(x+1)], inputs 2 and −1 are excluded even though a graph might tempt you to interpolate across them.

Transfer and explain

Transfer: the lines y=2x+1 and y=−x+7 meet at x=2, y=5. Explain which answer belongs to “input of intersection” and which belongs to “shared function value.”

WORKED EXAMPLE

The functions f(x) = 2x + 6 and g(x) = −x + 24 have equal values at what x?

  1. Equate the outputs: 2x + 6 = −x + 24.
  2. Collect terms: 3x = 18.
  3. Thus x = 6.
Answer: 6
Compare the other answer choices
10

Adds the intercepts instead of subtracting them.

18

Returns the shared y value instead of the input x.

24

Returns the second intercept without finding the intersection.

-6

Reverses only the numerator sign.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

GRE Quantitative Reasoning overviewSiyavula Grade 10 mathematics foundation reference
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  • The idea
  • A reliable method
  • The common trap