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Arithmetic / LESSON 10

Exponents, cycles and growth · GMAT Quant

10 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

Exponents describe repeated multiplication, including repeated growth. Last-digit questions depend on modular cycles rather than calculating a huge power.

A reliable method

Rewrite powers with a common base where possible. For repeated doubling, count completed intervals. Separate a principal root from the solutions of a squared equation.

The common trap

Adding exponents applies to multiplication of like bases, not addition of powers. A negative sign outside a square is different from a negative base inside it.

Check the conclusion

Check a short sequence of powers to establish the cycle and use the exponent remainder to select the position. Estimate magnitude before choosing an exact result.

Contrast the cases

A quantity beginning at three and doubling four times follows 3,6,12,24,48. The initial observation is not itself a doubling. Likewise 2⁷/4 is 2⁵=32, because 4 is 2²; subtracting four from the exponent applies the wrong transformation. Powers of seven have units digits 7,9,3,1, so an exponent with remainder two modulo four selects 9.

Transfer and explain

Transfer: find the last digit of 7⁸ and calculate a quantity starting at five after three doublings. The results are 1 and 40. Explain why the first question depends only on a cycle while the second retains the starting amount.

WORKED EXAMPLE

What is the value of 2^7 divided by 4?

  1. Write 4 as 2².
  2. When dividing powers with the same nonzero base, subtract exponents.
  3. The result is 2^5 = 32.
Answer: 32
Compare the other answer choices
8

Subtracts the denominator itself from the exponent.

128

Omits the division.

512

Adds exponents instead of subtracting.

7/4

Divides the exponent instead of the exponential value.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

GMAT exam contentSiyavula Grade 10 mathematics foundation reference
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  • The idea
  • A reliable method
  • The common trap