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Trigonometric and Polar Functions / LESSON 08

Angles and the unit circle · AP Precalculus

7 min + practice · Original foundation lesson

Radian measure relates an arc length to its radius. On the unit circle, cosine is the horizontal coordinate and sine the vertical coordinate.

A reliable method

Locate the terminal side and its quadrant before assigning a sign. Convert degrees to a multiple of pi when helpful, then use reference angles and symmetry.

The common trap

Radians are not degrees with a different label. A calculator in the wrong angle mode changes a numerical result.

Make the connection

Angles differing by a full turn share the same terminal side, but they need not represent the same amount of rotation in a context.

Coordinates distinguish sine and cosine

At θ=π/6 on the unit circle, the vertical coordinate is 1/2, while the horizontal coordinate is √3/2. On a circle of radius 6, multiply both by 6: y=3 and x=3√3. Returning 1/2 would answer a unit-circle question rather than the requested scaled point. A 60-degree angle is π/3 radians because 180 degrees equals π, not 2π. Keep angle units visible in calculator work. Tangent compares vertical to horizontal coordinates when the horizontal coordinate is nonzero; it is not an angle measurement itself.

Transfer, explain and check

For radius 8 and θ=π/2, find x and y. Check: (0,8). Explain why the horizontal coordinate is zero while the vertical coordinate equals the radius.

WORKED EXAMPLE

Write 90 degrees as kπ radians. What is k?

  1. A full 180 degrees corresponds to π radians.
  2. The coefficient is 90/180.
  3. Reduce to 1/2.
Answer: 1/2
Compare the other answer choices
1

Use 90 degrees rather than 180 per π radians.

2

Reverse the conversion ratio.

90

Attach π without converting degrees.

Try it, then explain it.

Complete a short set without looking at the example. After each answer, explain which operation preserved the relationship and why the result makes sense.

Practice this skill

Sources & authorship

Original Slope explanations and examples. References support the concepts; they are not the source of copied questions. Independent educator review is pending.

AP Precalculus course and syllabus
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  • The idea
  • A reliable method
  • The common trap